As the world intensifies its focus on sustainable energy solutions, lithium-ion batteries have been at the forefront, powering electric vehicles, grid storage, and consumer electronics. However, the environmental and ethical concerns associated with lithium extraction and processing are prompting a re- evaluation of its role in the green energy transition.

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Environmental Impact of Lithium Mining

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Lithium extraction, particularly from brine sources in regions like Chile’s Salarde Atacama, is highly water intensive. Producing one ton of lithium requires approximately 2 million litres of water, leading to significant water depletion in arid areas. 1 In Chile, lithium mining consumes up to 65% of the region’s water supply, adversely affecting local communities and ecosystems.2

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Moreover, lithium mining contributes to land degradation. Traditional hard rock mining necessitates over 115 acres of land per 1,000 metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalent, disrupting biodiversity and ecological

balance.

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Ethical Concern

Beyond environmental issues, lithium mining raises ethical questions. In the Lithium Triangle—comprising parts of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile—indigenous communities have reported threats to their water sources and livelihoods due to mining activities.4 These operations often proceed without adequate consultation, leading to social conflicts and human rights concerns.

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Challenges in Lithium Recycling

Recycling lithium-ion batteries is complex and costly. The intricate composition of these batteries, including hazardous materials like cobalt and nickel, complicates recycling processes and increases expenses. Additionally, the degradation of battery materials over time reduces the efficiency of recycled products, posing further challenges.

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Advantages of Sodium-Based Energy Storage

Sodium-based batteries present a more sustainable alternative. Sodium is abundantly available, with vast reserves in seawater and salt deposits, eliminating the need for environmentally damaging mining practices. The extraction of sodium is less water-intensive and has a lower carbon footprint compared to lithium.

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Furthermore, sodium-based batteries are simpler to recycle. They do not contain toxic or rare materials, making the recycling process more straightforward and less hazardous. This ease of recycling not only reduces environmental impact but also lowers costs, making sodium-based storage economically attractive.

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Conclusion

In the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, sodium-based energy storageoffers a promising path forward. By addressing the environmental and ethical issues associated with lithium, sodium batteries provide a more sustainable,cost-effective, and socially responsible alternative. As the global energy landscape evolves, embracing sodium-based technologies could play a crucial role in achieving a greener future.

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